FINAL EXAMINATION - ENGLISH OPTION
SEMESTER 2,2000
Time allowed: two hours and thirty minutes
Attempt question one and two others
Question 1 is worth 40%, and the other questions are worth 30% each.
Candidates may use unmarked copies of the NRSV, RSV, or NIV
1. Write exegetical comments on TWO of the following:
1 Cor 2:6-10 1 Cor 4:14-21 1 Cor 6:7-11 1 Cor 11:27-32 1 Cor 15:12-19
2. Discuss the possible cause(s) for the problems Paul deals with in 1 Corinthians.
3. In what ways did the Corinthians' views about wisdom differ from those of the apostle Paul?
4. To what extent are the words, 'In whatever condition you were called, brothers and sisters, there remain with God' (NRSV) constitute the central argument of 1 Corinthians 7, and how do they relate to the rest the chapter?
5. What do chapters 10 and 11 of 1 Corinthians contribute to a doctrine of the Lord's Supper/Eucharist?
6. Basing your answer on 1 Corinthians, describe why you think the apostle Paul would or would not support the ordination of women.
7. What were the points at issue between Paul and his Corinthian converts as far as the resurrection was concerned? How did Paul respond to those points in 1 Corinthians 15?
FINAL EXAMINATION - GREEK OPTION SEMESTER 2,2000
Time allowed: three hours
Attempt question one and two others
Question 1 is worth 50%, and the other questions are worth 25% each.
Candidates use an unmarked copy of the GNT in answering question 1. When work on this question is completed and handed in to the examination supervisor, candidates may obtain a copy of the NIV, RSV or NRSV to use in answering the remaining questions.
1. Translate and write exegetical comments on TWO of the following: (Each translation is worth 10% and each exegesis is worth 15%)
1 Cor 2:6-10 1 Cor 4:14-21 1 Cor 12:4-13 1 Cor 14:20-25 1 Cor 15:12-19
2. Discuss the possible cause(s) for the problems Paul deals with in 1 Corinthians.
3. In what ways did the Corinthians' views about wisdom differ from those of the apostle Paul?
4. To what extent are the words, 'In whatever condition you were called, brothers and sisters, there remain with God' (NRSV) constitute the central argument of 1 Corinthians 7, and how do they relate to the rest the chapter?
5. What do chapters 10 and 11 of 1 Corinthians contribute to a doctrine of the Lord's Supper/Eucharist?
6. Basing your answer on 1 Corinthians, describe why you think the apostle Paul would or would not support the ordination of women.
7. What were the points at issue between Paul and his Corinthian converts as far as the resurrection was concerned? How did Paul respond to those points in 1 Corinthians 15?
FINAL EXAMINATION - GREEK OPTION
SEMESTER 2,2000
Time allowed: three hours
Attempt question one and two others
Question one is worth 50% and the other questions are worth 25% each
Candidates use an unmarked copy of the GNT in answering question 1. when work on this question is completed and handed in to the examination supervisor, candidates may obtain a copy of the NRSV, RSV, or NTV to use in answering the remaining questions
1. Write exegetical comments on TWO of the following, paying attention to such matters as textual variants, literary context, purpose, key words and phases and theological themes (each translation is worth 10% and each exegesis is worth 15%):
1 Cor 1:18-25 1 Cor 3:10-15 1 Cor 12:7-13 1 Cor 14:20-25 1 Cor 15:20-28
2. 'These things happened to them as examples and were written down as warnings for us, on whom the fulfilment of the ages has come' (1 Cor 10:11). Discuss Paul's use of the Old Testament in 1 Corinthians in the light of this statement.
3. What can we learn about the nature of apostolic ministry from 1 Corinthians?
4. Explain why the matter of food offered to idols became such a contentious issue in Corinth. Describe the major elements of Paul's response to those involved.
5. How do you account for the abuses of the Lord's Supper in Corinth? Explain how Paul dealt with these abuses.
6. Basing your answer on 1 Corinthians, describe why you think the apostle Paul would or would not support the ordination of women.
7. What were the points at issue between Paul and his Corinthian converts as far as
the exercise of spiritual gifts was concerned? How did Paul respond to those points in 1 Corinthians 12—14?
FINAL EXAMINATION - ENGLISH OPTION
SEMESTER 2,2000
Time allowed: two hours and thirty minutes
Attempt question one and two others
Question one is worth 40% and the other questions are worth 30% each
Candidates may use unmarked copies of the NRSV, RSV, or NIV
1. Write exegetical comments on TWO of the following, paying attention to such matters as literary context, purpose, key words and phases and theological themes:
1 Cor 1:18-25 1 Cor 3:10-15 1 Cor 7:17-24 1 Cor 11:27-32 1 Cor 14:20-25
2. These things happened to them as examples and were written down as warnings for us, on whom the fulfilment of the ages has come' (1 Cor 10:11). Discuss Paul's use of the Old Testament in 1 Corinthians in the light of this statement
3. What can we learn about the nature of apostolic ministry from 1 Corinthians?
4. Explain why the matter of food offered to idols became such a contentious issue in Corinth. Describe the major elements of Paul's response to those involved.
5. How do you account for the abuses of the Lord's Supper in Corinth? Explain how Paul dealt with these abuses.
6. Basing your answer on 1 Corinthians, describe why you think the apostle Paul would or would not support the ordination of women.
7. What were the points at issue between Paul and his Corinthian converts as far as the exercise of spiritual gifts was concerned? How did Paul respond to those points in 1 Corinthians 12—14?
Semester 1 2004 (1st exam)
time:
2.5 hours form:
answer 4 of the following 8 questions mark:
60%: each question is of equal worth
1. What factors contributed to the spread of the church in the first centuries of its existence? Why were they significant?
2. What was the significance of Constantine for the early church?
3. Describe and evaluate the growth and nature of the early church in North Africa.
4. What was the nature and significance of Irish Christianity in the early middle ages?
5 (a) What do we know about the beginnings and nature of the early church in Britain?
OR (b) Describe the events leading up to and the significance of the Synod of Whitby in 664.
6. What responses did the medieval church make to Islam? Why?
7. (a) Assess the significance of Augustine of Canterbury?
OR
(b) Assess the importance of the missionary policy of Gregory the Great? What influence did this policy have on the subsequent missionary work of the church.
8. (a) Modern Roman Catholic writers are inclined to the view that all through the centuries
Roman Catholicism has been felt by the ancient people and their descendants to be a foreign religion.' (Neill) In view of the impressive numerical results of Spanish and Portuguese missions in the New World, how valid is this comment on Roman Catholic missions in the 16th and 17th centuries?
OR
(a) Discuss the work of Bartholemew Las Casas OR Matti Ricci OR Robert Nobili, and assess its significance for subsequent missionary theory and practice.
Semester 1 2004 (2nd exam)
time:
2.5 hours form:
answer 4 of the following 8 questions mark:
60%: each question is of equal worth
1. Outline the reasons for the rapid expansion of the Church in the period up to 313 AD and discuss the methods used to relate the gospel to the social environment of that time.
2. What is meant by the Constantinian age? Discuss its positive and negative aspects for the growth of the church?
OR
'Few, if any, events in history have had such a far reaching and lasting effect on the church. For mission and the understanding of mission the events of those fateful years had drastic implications'" (Bosch). Discuss this evaluation of the conversion of Constantine.
3. Discuss the role of monasticism in missionary work in the period up to 1000 AD. Give examples from the work of two missionary monks to illustrate your answer.
OR
What factors account for the early success of the Christian movement in Northern Africa? What caused the eventual decline of the churches there?
4. When and how did the church in Britain probably begin? What was its nature and significance?
5. Explain the significance of the Gregorian missionary principles as applied in the missionary work of Augustine in England after 596 AD and their influence on later Christian expansion.
6. Assess the significance of the Nestorian missions.
7. Outline the response of the Church to the advance of Islam from the 7th century onwards, and evaluate the effectiveness both of the Crusades, and the minority who used other methods.
8. Describe and evaluate Roman Catholic missions in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
Semester 1 1999
time:
2.5 hours form:
answer 4 of the following 8 questions mark:
60%: each question is of equal worth
1. (a) Outline the reasons for the rapid expansion of the Church in the period up to 313 AD and discuss the methods used to relate the gospel to the social environment of that time.
OR
(b) Describe the difficulties, opposition, and opportunities the early Church encountered in its missionary outreach up to 500 AD. Why was this missionary expansion so successful?
2. What is meant by the Constantinian age? Discuss its positive and negative aspects for the growth of the church?
3. Describe and evaluate the growth and nature of the early church in North Africa.
4. Evaluate the significance of either Patrick or Columba for the expansion of the church with special reference to the their missionary methods.
5 When and how did the church in Britain probably begin? What was its nature and significance?
6. Assess the importance of the missionary policy of Gregory the Great? What influence did this policy have on the subsequent missionary work of the church?
7. (a) Describe the 're-conversion' of Britain beginning with Augustine of Canterbury. In what ways was the church that emerged different to the 'indigenous' Celtic church?
OR
(b) Discuss the missionary method of Augustine of Canterbury especially in relation to the existence of pagan temples and rituals.
8. A land of saints and scholarship ... What was the role of Ireland in the evangelisation of Europe?
Semester 1 2000
time:
2.5 hours form:
answer 4 of the following 8 questions mark:
60%: each question is of equal worth
1. What factors contributed to the spread of the church in the first centuries of its existence? Why were they significant?
2. What was the significance of Constantine for the early church?
3. (a) Describe and evaluate the growth and nature of the church in Egypt.
OR (b) What was the significance of Cyprian?
4. How important was Patrick OR Columba, and why?
5 What do we know about the beginnings and nature of the early church in Britain?
6. Describe the events leading up to and the significance of the Synod of Whitby in 664.
7. (a) Assess the significance of Augustine of Canterbury?
OR
(b) Assess the importance of the missionary policy of Gregory the Great? What influence did this policy have on the subsequent missionary work of the church.
8. What was the nature and significance of Irish Christianity in the early middle ages?
Semester 1 2002
time:
2.5 hours form:
answer 4 of the following 8 questions mark:
60%: each question is of equal worth
1. Outline the reasons for the rapid expansion of the Church in the period up to 313 AD and discuss the methods used to relate the gospel to the social environment of that time.
2. What is meant by the Constantinian age? Discuss its positive and negative aspects for the growth of the church?
OR
'Few, if any, events in history have had such a far reaching and lasting effect on the church. For mission and the understanding of mission the events of those fateful years had drastic implications'" (Bosch). Discuss this evaluation of the conversion of Constantine.
3. Discuss the role of monasticism in missionary work in the period up to 1000 AD. Give examples from the work of two missionary monks to illustrate your answer.
OR
What factors account for the early success of the Christian movement in Northern Africa? What caused the eventual decline of the churches there?
4. When and how did the church in Britain probably begin? What was its nature and significance?
5. Explain the significance of the Gregorian missionary principles as applied in the missionary work of Augustine in England after 596 AD and their influence on later Christian expansion.
OR
Evaluate the significance of either Patrick or Columba for the expansion of the church with special reference to the their missionary methods.
6. Discuss the missionary significance of the Nestorians.
7. Outline the response of the Church to the advance of Islam from the 7th century onwards, and evaluate the effectiveness both of the Crusades, and the minority who used other methods.
8. Discuss the work of Bartholemew Las Casas OR Matti Ricci OR Robert Nobili, and assess its significance for subsequent missionary theory and practice.
OR What was the significance of the Catholic Reformation for the expansion of Christianity?
Semester 1 2003
time:
2.5 hours form:
answer 4 of the following 8 questions mark:
60%: each question is of equal worth
1. Describe the difficulties, opposition, and opportunities the early Church encountered in its missionary outreach up to 500 AD. Why was this missionary expansion so successful?
2. (a) What factors account for the early success of the Christian movement in Northern Africa? What caused the eventual decline of the churches there?
OR (b) What was the significance of Cyprian?
3. What were the origins of monasticism and its significance for the Christianisation of Europe?
4. When and how did the church in Britain probably begin? What was its nature and significance?
5. (a) Assess the importance of the missionary policy of Gregory the Great? What influence did this policy have on the subsequent missionary work of the church?
OR
(b) Describe the 're-conversion' of Britain beginning with Augustine of Canterbury. In what ways was the church that emerged different to the 'indigenous' Celtic church?
6. What was the missionary significance of the Nestorian church?
7. (a) In referring to the Muslim conquests as a major disaster for the Christian world, Neill comments '... we cannot but ask why it was that the Churches from Babylon to Morocco posed so feeble a resistance to the on-rush of the Muslim armies.' How would you respond to the question?
OR
(b) 'Ramon Lull must rank as one of the greatest missionaries in the history of the Church . .. the first to develop a theory of missions - not merely to wish to preach the Gospel but to work out in careful detail how it was to be done' (Neill). Discuss and evaluate this statement of Lull's significance in the missionary outreach to Islam.
8. The Catholic/Counter Reformation also saw a remarkable missionary expansion. Discuss.
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 1,2003
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NIV
1. Describe the main characteristics of the Pharisees and explain at what points Jesus agreed and disagreed with them.
2. Describe the distinctive features and themes of EITHER the Gospel of Matthew OR the Gospel of Mark.
3. Explain why John was reluctant to baptise Jesus, why Jesus wanted to be baptised by him, and the significance of the phenomena which immediately followed his baptism.
4. What did Jesus mean by the kingdom of God? How did his ideas about it differ from those of his Jewish contemporaries? What might the preaching of the kingdom of God mean for today?
5. Discuss the reasons for which Jesus taught the crowds in parables.
6. Explain the significance of Peter's confession at Caesarea Philippi in the portrayal of Jesus' ministry in the Gospel of Mark.
7. Many Jewish people think that Jesus' actions in cleansing the temple were indefensible. Why would they think so, and why did Jesus do it?
8. Choose one of the gospels and describe the way it presents both the occasion and significance of Jesus' death.
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 1,2000
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NTV
1. Describe the differing importance of the temple and the synagogue in first century Judaism.
2. What is the significance of Jesus' baptism and temptation?
3. What would be lost if we had only one gospel?
4. How would Jesus' hearers have understood his preaching of the kingdom of God and what did he mean by it?
5. Discuss the significance of miracles/signs in the ministry of Jesus.
6. Discuss the significance of Jesus' triumphal entry to Jerusalem and his cleansing of the temple.
7. 'Truly this man was the Son of God'. In what sense can the centurion's confession be considered the climax of Mark's gospel?
8. Discuss the evidence for the resurrection of Jesus and comment on the significance of the resurrection for Christian faith.
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 1,1999
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NIV
1. Describe the Jewish religious groups Jesus interacted with and explain why they saw Jesus as a threat.
2. What are the characteristic features of Luke's gospel?
3. What is the significance of Jesus' baptism and temptation?
4. How would Jesus' hearers have understood his preaching of the kingdom of God and what did he mean by it?
5. Discuss the significance of Peter's confession and the transfiguration.
6. What purpose did Jesus' parables serve in his ministry and how should we interpret them?
7. Describe the way Matthew's gospel brings out the significance of the death of Jesus.
8. Discuss the evidence for the resurrection of Jesus and comment on the significance of the resurrection for Christian faith.
Time: TWO (2) HOURS
THREE questions from the following must be attempted.
An unmarked copy of the NIV/NRSV will be provided.
1. Discuss the literary and theological differences between Genesis chapters 1 and 2.
2. Is it possible to gain an understanding of the "religion" of the Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) within the book of Genesis?
3. What significance for the book of Exodus is Pharaoh's statement, "I do not know the LORD and I will not let Israel go" (Exodus 5:2)?
4.(a) How might we begin to reconcile the different accounts of the conquest found in the books of Joshua and Judges 1?
OR
(b) The period of the Judges has been called the "dark ages" of Israel's history. To what extent is this estimate justified?
5. What are the problems associated with the beginning of the Monarchy? How are these resolved?
6. "Solomon is a king full of contradictions". Write a critique of Solomon's life.
7. What issues led to the division of the kingdom after Solomon? Were these issues already present within the fabric of Israelite society?
8. To what extent does the ministry of Elijah reflect the characteristics of the prophetic movement?
FIRST SEMESTER 2004
Time: TWO (2) HOURS
THREE questions from the following must be attempted.
An unmarked copy of the NIV/NRSV will be provided.
1. A doctrine of "Creator" or "Creation"? What one of these descriptions best suits Genesis 1-2?
2. How is the promise given to Abraham at Gen 12:1-3 developed in the story of the Patriarchs?
3. How important is the structure of the book of Exodus for understanding the entire book of Exodus?
4. How can we reconcile the apparent differences of the conquest in the books of Joshua and Judges?
5. EITHER
(a) Account for the seemingly conflicting views about Kingship in 1 Samuel 8-12.
OR
(b) To what extent was Saul a "failure" and David a "success"?
6. "If we only had chapters 3 to 10 of 1 Kings Solomon would appear to be an ideal ruler, wise in every respect..." (L Boadt) Comment on this estimate of Solomon's rule.
7. What was the "nature" of Elijah's role as a prophet to Israel in the 9th ' Century BC?
FIRST SEMESTER 2002
Time: TWO (2) HOURS
THREE questions from the following must be attempted. An unmarked copy of the NIV/NRSV will be provided.
1. A doctrine of Creator or Creation. What description best fits Genesis 1 - 2?
2. How does Patriarchal Religion (Genesis 12-50) differ from that of Mosaic
Religion in the book of Exodus?
3. "Exodus leads to Sinai". How important is this equation in the book of
Exodus?
4. "In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit" (Judges 21:25). What kind of a statement is this seeking to make within the book of Judges?
5.(a) The issue of kingship within 1 Samuel 8-12 appears to be fraught with problems. How do these chapters deal with this?
OR
(b) It could be argued that David made just as many blunders as did Saul, and yet David was accepted and Saul rejected. Discuss.
6. Solomon is a king full of contradictions. Write a critique of Solomon's life.
7. What important religious, social, and political factors relate to the life and ministry of Elijah?
FIRST SEMESTER 2003
Time: TWO (2) HOURS
THREE questions from the following must be attempted.
An unmarked copy of the NIV/NRSV will be provided.
1. Compare and contrast the literary and theological features of Genesis 1- 2.
2. What do we know about the 'religion' of the Patriarchs? How would you finally describe it?
3. Does the 'structure' of the book of Exodus helps us to understand its meaning? Discuss.
4. How can we reconcile the apparent differences of the conquest in the books of Joshua and Judges?
5. To what extent was Saul a "failure" and David a "success"?
6. Solomon is a king full of contradictions. Write a critique of Solomon's life.
7. What is a prophet? How does Elijah embody the characteristics of Israel's prophetic movement?
First Semester 2000
Time: TWO HOURS
An unmarked copy of the NIV/RSV/NRSV/will be provided.
Students are to answer THREE (3) questions from the following:
EITHER
1. (a) In what ways does Genesis 1-3 challenge the ideas about God and
the created order in the literature of the Ancient Near East?
OR
(b) Compare and contrast the literary and theological features of Genesis1-2.
2. Is there any substantial fulfilment or development in Genesis 12-50 of the promises made to Abraham at Genesis 12:1-3? Discuss.
3. What do you think was the 'purpose' of the writer in the book of Exodus?
4. 'In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit' (Judges 21:25). What does this statement reflect about the period of the Judges?
5. Why did Israel believe it was necessary to have a king? Comment also on the validity of their request.
6. David is often portrayed as the 'ideal' king but Solomon is not. Why should this estimate be made? Is it justified? Discuss.
7. What is a 'prophet'? Answer this question by an examination of Israel's prophets in the period from Samuel to Elijah.
Monday, 6 November, 2000 - 9.30-11.30pm
An unmarked copy of the RSV/NRSV/NIV will be provided.
Time Allowed: TWO HOURS (40 minutes per question). THREE questions must be answered. ONE from Section A and TWO from Section B.
SECTION A
ONE question must be answered. (10%)
1. How has 'form criticism' helped us to understand the Psalms in a more informed way? Illustrate your answer from two scholars.
2. What are some of the major issues to be considered in relating the Psalms to a "Messianic" interpretation?
3. Write an essay on ONE of the following: (1) Royal Psalms; (2) The place of 'Zion' in the Psalms; (3) The Imprecatory Psalms.
SECTION B
TWO questions must be answered. ONE from Section A, and ONE from Section B. (20% each)
Section A
4. Write a full exegetical essay on ONE of the following:
Psalm 2:6-12 Psalm 8:1-9
Psalm 22:12-21
Psalm 103:6-13
Section B
5. Write a full exegetical essay on ONE of the following:
Psalm 74:1-9 Psalm 110:1-7
Monday, 6 November, 2000 - 9.30-11.30pm
An unmarked copy of the RSV/NRSV/NIV will be provided.
Time Allowed: TWO HOURS (40 minutes per question). THREE questions must be answered. ONE from Section A and TWO from Section B.
SECTION A
ONE question must be answered. (10%)
1. How has 'form criticism' helped us to understand the Psalms in a more informed way? Illustrate your answer from two scholars.
2. What are some of the major issues to be considered in relating the Psalms to a "Messianic" interpretation?
3. Write an essay on ONE of the following: (1) Royal Psalms; (2) The place of 'Zion' in the Psalms; (3) The Imprecatory Psalms.
SECTION B
TWO questions must be answered. ONE from Section A, and ONE from Section B. (20% each)
Section A
4. Write a fuJl exegetical essay on ONE of the following:
Psalm 2:6-12 Psalm 8:1-9
Psalm 22:12-21
Psalm 103:6-13
Section B
5. Write a full exegetical essay on ONE of the following:
Psalm 74:1-9 Psalm 110:1-7
Note : Theology as it was previously taught at BCV covers all the information in the New ACT accredited subjects but in a different order. You will need to pick out the questions relevent to your current subject and discard the remainder if these past papers are to be helpful.
FIRST SEMESTER, 2003
An unmarked Bible may be used.
Time: Ten minutes reading time and men TWO HOURS of writing time. This paper is only for people who did their essay on the SALVATION section of the coarse.
You are required to attempt ONE question from section A (Salvation) and TWO questions from section B (Creation.)
SECTION A: SALVATION
1. Outline the biblical basis for considering Christ's life and death as a sacrifice. Discuss any major differences in approach or interpretation.
2. What is essential in a theology of atonement? To what extent do you agree that it is best understood by making use of a variety of complementary insights?
3. Discuss the significance of the cross of Christ for our understanding of God, Christ, humanity and the cosmos. What does his death achieve which his life does not?
SECTION B: CREATION
4. What does it mean to worship God as Creator and not just as Redeemer?
5. In the light of the evolution - creation controversy discuss what it means to say that God created humanity.
6. Discuss and assess the various ways the image of God in humanity can be interpreted ?
7. In what way is it possible for God to be the creator of everything that is good and not, at the same time, also be the author of evil? Discuss with reference to 'original sin' and the demonic.
8. What is involved in a Trinitarian theology of creation?
FIRST SEMESTER, 2003
An unmarked Bible may be used.
Time: Ten minutes reading time and then TWO HOURS of writing time. This paper is only for people who did their essay on the CREATION section of die course.
You are required to attempt TWO questions from section A (Salvation) and ONE question from section B (Creation.)
SECTION A: SALVATION
1. Outline the biblical basis for considering Christ's life and death as a sacrifice. Discuss any major differences in approach or interpretation.
2. What is essential in a theology of atonement? To what extent do you agree that it is best understood by making use of a variety of complementary insights?
3. Discuss the significance of the cross of Christ for our understanding of God, Christ, humanity and the cosmos. What does his death achieve which his life does not?
4. Evaluate the arguments for and against the various understandings of 'substitution' in respect to understanding the atonement.
5. Outline, compare and assess biblically and theologically two different interpretations of the atonement. [These interpretations may be historical or contemporary and may be related to individuals or movements but should be clearly identified post-New Testament interpretations of the relevant biblical material.]
SECTION B: CREATION
1. What does it mean to worship God as Creator and not just as Redeemer?
2. In the light of the evolution - creation controversy discuss what it means to say that God created humanity.
3. In what way is it possible for God to be the creator of everything that is good and not, at the same time, also be the author of evil? Discuss with reference to 'original sin' and the demonic.
Semester two, 2002
IMPORTANT: Attempt ONE question from that section of the course from which you chose your essay question and attempt TWO questions from the other section.
All questions have equal value. The exam is two hours in length (plus ten minutes reading time)
SECTION A: CREATION
1. EITHER (a) Explain why you think theologians have upheld the ex nihilo doctrine when it is not stated, as such, in scripture. Outline what it affirms and what it denies.
OR
(b) What can a biblical theology of creation say about the purpose of creation and the nature of
God?
2. Biblically and critically assess the different understandings and implications of humanity being made in 'the image of God'.
3. How can we, in the face of human suffering, really claim to worship a God who is loving and who made a 'good' creation?
4. EITHER (a) What is the relationship between human sin and the demonic? Or
(b) To what degree is humanity fallen?
SECTION B: SALVATION
1. Discuss biblically, theologically and pastorally the fact that "in Christ God was reconciling the world to himself (2 Corinthians 5:19).
2. With respect to the doctrine of salvation outline the meaning of EITHER redemption OR sacrifice, giving the biblical basis for it, relating it to the notion of sin and discussing any problems in interpreting what it means. NB do not answer this with respect to 'sacrifice' if you did the essay question: In what sense was Christ's death a sacrifice? You may, however, answer with respect to 'redemption'.
3. Compare and evaluate the merits and problems associated with objective and subjective theories of the atonement.
4. Compare the theology of atonement found in two or three of the following: Irenaeus of Lyons; Athanasius; John Calvin; Abelard; Anslem; Friedrich Schleiermacher; Karl Barth; C.S.Lewis; Leon Morris; Wolfhart Pannenberg; Jurgen Moltmann; Process' theology.
5. Indicate the nature and significance of the resurrection and ascension of Christ for Christology, creation, humanity and other related areas of theology.
Semester one, 2001
IMPORTANT: Attempt ONE question from that section of the course from which you chose your essay question and attempt TWO questions from the other section.
All questions have equal value. The exam is two hours in length (plus ten minutes reading time)
SECTION A: CREATION
1. EITHER (a) What is the theological significance of the statement, "By faith we understand that the world was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was made out of things which do not appear"?
OR (b) Write a series of notes on creation in relation to the following topics: incarnation; Trinity; transcendence of God; panentheism; Christ; time and space; and the goodness of creation. Show how the various topics can relate together.
2. EITHER (a) Assess the theological and biblical arguments for and against belief in 'a young earth'. Nb. You are not permitted to do this question if your essay topic was the one on evolutionary theory.
OR (b) Imagine you are in a discussion with a secular environmentalist who believes that humanity presents the greatest contemporary ecological challenge and a representative of a company involved in large-scale, international wood-chipping who believes that the company's primary responsibility is to their shareholders. In this context outline and defend a Christian theology of the environment. Nb. You are not permitted to do this question if your essay topic was the one on ecological policy.
3. EITHER (a) Biblically and critically assess the different understandings and implications of humanity being made in 'the image of God'. Nb. You are not permitted to do this question if this was done as your essay topic.
OR (b) Biblically and critically assess the different understandings and implications of the relationship of the body, soul and spirit of the human person. Nb. You are not permitted to do this question if it was done as your essay topic
4. EITHER (A) How can we, in the face of human suffering, really claim to worship a God who is loving and who made a 'good' creation?
OR (b) What is the relationship between human sin and the demonic?
SECTION B: SALVATION
6. Evaluate arguments for and against the various understandings of 'substitution' with respect to atonement.
7. With respect to the doctrine of salvation outline the meaning of EITHER reconciliation OR justification, giving the biblical basis for it, relating it to the notion of sin and discussing any problems in interpreting what it means.
8. EITHER (a) Discuss the place that influences such as the bible, culture, philosophy and personality have had on the various views of the atonement which have been expressed since the time of Christ. Nb. You are not permitted to do this question if it was done as your essay topic
OR (b) Compare the theology of atonement found in two or three of the following: Irenaeus of Lyons; Athanasius; John Calvin; Abelard; Anslem; Friedrich Schleiermacher; Karl Barth; C.S.Lewis; Leon Morris; Wolfhart Pannenberg; Jurgen Moltmann; Process theology.
9. What is the place of the resurrection in a theology of atonement?
10. Outline the way in which the sacrifice of Christ is understood in the New Testament.
Semester 2, 2003
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS
Time allowed: two hours
Reading time: ten minutes
An unmarked Bible may be used.
This paper is for those wko did their essay on a topic from section A of the syllabus, that is, 'Revelation, authority and scripture'.
Attempt ONE question from section A of the exam paper and TWO questions
from section B.
Section A: Revelation, Authority and Scripture
1. What are the implications of Scripture being understood as both a human and a divine book?
2. What theological points concerning revelation would you make to a non- Christian who asked, "How can I know that Christianity is true?"
3. We cannot speak of a revelation of God apart from Jesus Christ. Discuss.
Section B: God as Trinity
4. When considering one's understanding of the nature of God what difference does it make as to where one starts?
5. Is there a sense in which the statement 'Jesus is God' can be theologically and biblically justified? Discuss with reference to (a) any problems which may arise in making such a statement; (b) the relevant biblical material and (c) Christian tradition.
6. Evaluate the claim that 'the Christian doctrine of God as Trinity is, fundamentally simple, thoroughly practical, theologically essential and totally biblical. It is a doctrine which is essential both for good Christian theology and for Christian life and discipleship.'
7. Is the Holy Spirit rightly described as 'a divine person'? Discuss with reference to the Holy Spirit's relationship to the Father and to Jesus.
8. What are the essential attributes of God?
Semester 2, 2003
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS
Time allowed: two hours
Reading time: ten minutes
An unmarked Bible may be used.
This paper is for those who did their essay on a topic from section B of the syllabas, that is, 'God as Trinity'.
Attempt TWO questions from section A of the exam paper and ONE questions
from section B.
Section A: Revelation, Authority and Scripture
1. What are the implications of Scripture being understood as both a human and a divine book?
2. What theological points concerning revelation would you make to a non- Christian who asked, "How can I know that Christianity is true?"
3. We cannot speak of a revelation of God apart from Jesus Christ. Discuss.
4. What can be known about God by the use of reason, observation of the natural world and personal experience?
5. Compare and contrast the view of revelation of ANY TWO of the following: J.I.Packer, John Stott, Karl Barth, Stanley Grenz, Karl Barth, Paul Tillich, George Lindbeck, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Martin Luther, John Calvin, Immanuel Kant, Augustine of Hippo, Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas.
Section B: God as Trinity
6. When considering one's understanding of the nature of God what difference does it make as to where one starts?
7. Is there a sense in which the statement 'Jesus is God' can be theologically and biblically justified? Discuss with reference to (a) any problems which may arise in making such a statement; (b) the relevant biblical material and (c) Christian tradition.
8. Evaluate the claim that 'the Christian doctrine of God as Trinity is, fundamentally simple, thoroughly practical, theologically essential and totally biblical. It is a doctrine which is essential both for good Christian theology and for Christian life and discipleship.'
B MDiv and Grad Dip/MA
Semester 2 2002
time: 2.5 hours
form: answer 4 of the following 9 questions
mark: 60%: each question is of equal worth
1. What was the 'Mount Hermon One Hundred'? Discuss the movement that developed from it and the significance of its watchword.
2. What is unique about religion in the Philippines? Why?
3. In 1792 William Carey published his Enquiry into the Obligation of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathen in which he set forth his missiological principles, and which he followed in his subsequent career. What was the significance of his Enquiry and his career?
4. Describe and assess an example of indigenous African Christianity.
5. The world missionary conference in Edinburgh 1910 was seminal for the development of the modem ecumenical movement. Discuss
6. Critics have argued that the expansion of Christianity into the Third World was nothing but the accompaniment and hangover of European political, military and industrial power, and that this expansion would decline and perhaps vanish as European influence in the Third World declines. Comment with reference to missions in the Pacific.
7. Give a brief overview of Christianity in Latin America and discuss some of the main challenges facing the church there.
OR
Discuss the major social, political and religious changes that have occurred since 1945 in Latin America and assess how these have affected the growth and development of the church in these areas.
8. Australia has the largest Moslem nation in the world immediately to its north, yet the church has been there for four centuries. Has the Christian presence there been a success story? What are the challenges and opportunities it faces?
9. When and how did Christianity come to East Africa? How well established is it in Tanzania?
MDiv and Grad Dip Semester 2 2000
time: 2.5 hours
form: answer 4 of the following 9 questions
mark: 60%: each question is of equal worth
1. Discuss the significance of the world missionary conference at Edinburgh in 1910 for the development of missionary policy in the twentieth century. In what ways does Edinburgh continue to influence contemporary missionary thinking and practice?
2. (a) Outline the development of the IMC up to 1961, and assess its effectiveness in the promotion and consolidation of the task of mission.
OR
(b) What effects have nationalism, and/or totalitarian systems and ideologies, and/or regional conflicts, had on the progress of Christian mission in the 20th century. Give examples from actual missionary contexts where possible.
3. The Evangelisation of the World in this Generation'. Describe the factors leading to the emergence of the Student Volunteer Movement and the adoption of this watchword (1889). What do you see as its lasting fruit?
4. In what ways can Vatican II be described as a watershed in missionary thinking?
5. Discuss the major social, political and religious changes which have occurred since 1945 in Latin America and assess how these have effected the growth and development of the church in these areas.
6. (a) 'Paternalism has been the gravest weakness of all missionary work in the Wh and 20th centuries.' Evaluate this comment and illustrate your answer from at least TWO different missionary situations.
OR
(b) To what extent has the modern missionary movement been culturally captive to a western understanding of the gospel? Illustrate your answer with reference to one or more missionary situations.
7. To what extent does the Lausanne Movement for World Evangelisation reflect the adoption by evangelicals of mission understandings hitherto associated with the World Council of Churches?
8. Discuss the significance of the World Council of Churches, paying attention to its prehistory and subsequent developments. What do you think is its future?
9. What challenges does Islam present to the church for the twenty first century? In your answer refer to one country or area in particular.
GDA/MA/MDiv Semester 2 2003
time: 2.5 hours
form: answer 4 of the following 8 questions
mark: 60%: each question is of equal worth
1. (a) The evangelization of the world in this generation': what did J R Mott mean?
OR (b) Assess the contribution and significance of the Student Volunteer Movement.
2. What changes have occurred in South America which have modified the position and strategies of the Roman Catholic Church and missions in that continent in the twentieth century?
3. Discuss aboriginal contact with Christianity. Have the churches been successful in their evangelisation and pastoral care of aborigines?
4. 'I can plod.' Evaluate William Carey's assessment of himself in the light of his contribution to missions.
5. What factors raised difficulties and what factors brought advantages for the growth of the church in the Pacific area prior to 1914?
6. What are the African Independent Churches? Describe and assess their origins, nature, and significance.
7. (a) Why is the Edinburgh Conference of 1910 regarded as of such importance by many historians of world mission?
OR
(b) Describe and evaluate the events that led to the formation of the World Council of Churches in 1948.
8. What challenges does Islam present to the church for the twenty first century? In your answer refer to one country or area in particular.
MDiv and Grad Dip/MA Semester 2 2001
time: 3 hours
form: answer 5 of the following 10 questions
mark: 60%: each question is of equal worth
1. Discuss aboriginal contact with Christianity. Have the churches been successful in their evangelisation and pastoral care of aborigines?
2. William Carey was the 'father of Protestant missions'. Discuss his career and its significance.
3. Discuss the significance of the world missionary conference at Edinburgh in 1910 for the development of missionary policy in the twentieth century. In what ways does Edinburgh continue to influence contemporary missionary thinking and practice?
4. In what ways was Hudson Taylor important for Protestant missions in the nineteenth century?
5. What was the Student Volunteer Movement? Assess its contribution and significance.
6. What are the African Independent Churches? Where do they fit in the body of Christ?
7. Discuss the major social, political and religious changes that have occurred since 1945 in Latin America and assess how these have affected the growth and development of the church in these areas.
8. Discuss the significance of the World Council of Churches, paying attention to its prehistory and subsequent developments. What do you think is its future?
9. Has Christianity in the Pacific been a success story?
10. What challenges does Islam present to the church for the twenty first century? In your answer refer to one country or area in particular.
B.Min / M.A. - English Option
Final Exam Semester 2, 2000 Paper 2: Exegesis
Time Allowed: 2 hours
Select THREE of the following passages (20 marks each).
1. Exegete Luke 4:24-30
2. Exegete Luke 12:15-21.
3. Exegete Luke 18: 4-8.
4. Exegete Luke 19:41-48.
5. Exegete Luke 20:27-35
6. Exegete Luke 21:23-28.
Final Exam Semester 2, 2002
Time Allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes
Note:
i) The exegesis section must be handed in before an English bible is given to complete the other sections.
ii) Section D (multiple choice) must be done on the exam paper and returned. No marks to be placed on this section during the reading time. Sections A, B, and C are to be answered on your own paper and returned with the multiple choice questions.
Section A: Exegesis
Answer TWO of the following passages. Translate the passage into contemporary generic English (10 marks), and write an exegetical essay (15 marks), paying attention to such matters as literary context, purpose, textual variants, key words and phrases and theological themes.
1. Luke 12:15-21
2. Luke 14:1-6
3. Luke 18:24-30
4. Luke 21:27-33
2.,
SECTION B: Short Answers
Attempt TWO of the following (5 marks each).
Each question should be answered in no more than 150 words.
11. List the prerequisites for constructing a historically credible picture of Jesus.
12. What did Jesus hope to achieve by the incident in the temple (Luke 19:45-46)?
13. List sjx aspects of Jesus' ministry that indicate that he understood himself to be the Messiah of Israel.
Section C: Thematic Essay
Attempt ONE of the following (20 marks).
14. In Luke's Gospel to be an insider is to be in a precarious position, for insiders are in the habit of becoming outsiders (Brawley). Discuss.
15. Critically evaluate the contention that the Infancy Narratives are a mere appendix to Luke's Gospel.
16. "None of you can become my disciple if you do not give up all your possessions" (Luke 14:33). Discuss this statement of Jesus in the context of Luke's Gospel.
Section D: Exegesis
Select ONE of the following passages (15 marks). Write an exegetical essay, paying attention to such matters as literary context, purpose, key words and phrases and theological themes.
17. Luke 12:13-21
18. Luke 18:1-8
19. Luke 21:25-33
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2,1998
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NIV
1. What are some of the issues involved for those who want to use the Acts of the Apostles as a source for history of the early church?
2. What can we learn from the Acts of the Apostles about the life and organisation of the early Jerusalem church?
3. What was the significance of the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) for the ongoing mission of Paul among the Gentiles?
4. Why was the apostle Paul so successful as a pioneer missionary?
5. What is the significance of the' Antioch Incident' (i.e., the controversy between Peter and Paul as described in Gal 2 :11-21) in Paul's defence of gospel and apostleship in Galatians?
6. Describe Paul's response to one of the pastoral problems he tackles in 1 Corinthians.
7. What can be learnt from the epistle to the Hebrews concerning the situation of its original recipients? Describe, in broad terms, the way in which the writer responds to them in their situation.
8. What were the theological and pastoral problems faced by the readers of 1 John? How did John deal with them in his letter?
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2,2003
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NIV
1. Select one of the following and explain its significance for our understanding of the life and expansion of the apostolic church: (i) the Pax Romana; (ii) emperor worship; (iii) Diaspora Judaism.
2. Discuss the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, paying special attention to the speeches of the apostles it reports.
3. The letter of James and the letters of Paul present contradictory ideas concerning faith and works. Discuss.
4. What were the opinions expressed by opposing parties at the Council of Jerusalem? How was the conflict resolved and what was its importance for the ongoing mission of the apostolic church?
5. In what way were Corinthians abusing their spiritual gifts, and how did Paul deal with this matter in 1 Corinthians 12—14?
6. Against what objections did Paul defend his gospel of law-free grace in his letter to the Romans and how did he answer those objections?
7. The book of Revelation was a 'tract for the times'. Explain and discuss.
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2,2002
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NKSV or NIV
1. Select one of the following and explain its significance for our understanding of the background to the New Testament, especially the expansion of the apostolic church: (i) demonology; (ii) magic; (iii) diaspora Judaism.
2. Early Jewish Christians would have thought of themselves, and have been thought of by others, as a Jewish sect. Discuss.
3. Describe and evaluate the importance of Stephen and his apology in the presentation of the expansion of the apostolic church in the Acts of the Apostles.
4. What factors contributed to the success of Paul's mission in the Eastern Mediterranean?
5. What essentially were Paul's exhortations to the Corinthians in respect of food offered to idols in 1 Corinthians 8—11?
5. The original readers of Hebrews were Jewish Christians tempted to abandon their faith in Christ and return to the security of Judaism. What can be adduced from the Letter to the Hebrews in support of this view?
7. Describe the likely historical background to the book of Revelation, and explain how its message relates to such a situation.
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2,1997
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt four questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NTV
1. The early Jerusalem church was a sect of Judaism. Discuss.
2. Why was Stephen stoned?
3. Compare and contrast the preaching of the gospel to Jews and Gentiles as reflected in the Acts of the Apostles.
4. What is the significance of the account of the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) in the overall presentation of the expansion of the church in the Acts of the Apostles?
5. What was the point at issue between Paul and the Judaizers', so far as this can be determined from a reading of the letter to the Galatians? What was the difference between their resolution of the problem and Paul's?
6. An over-realised eschatology espoused by Corinthian believers was the root cause of all the pastoral problems Paul had to deal with in 1 Corinthians. Discuss.
7. What do we learn about Pauline eschatology from the Thessalonian correspondence?
8. Long ago God spoke to our ancestors in many and various ways by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by a Son.' What implications does the writer to the Hebrews see in this statement, and how does he bring out those implications for the sake of his readers?
9. What were the main issues of faith and practice confronted in 1 John? How did the writer deal with them?
10. For what purpose was the Book of Revelation written, and in what way does it achieve that purpose?
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2,1999
Time allowed: two hours.
Attempt three questions only.
All questions are of equal value
Candidates may use an unmarked copy of the RSV, NRSV or NTV
1. Briefly describe the main features of one of the following and its relevance for our understanding of the New Testament: (i) magic; (ii) mystery religions; (iii) Diaspora Judaism.
2. Why was Stephen stoned, and what place does the account of his life and death occupy in story of the early church in Acts?
3. What was the significance of the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) for the ongoing mission of Paul among the Gentiles?
4. Discuss the coincidence of weakness and power in the ministry of Paul.
5. What sort of problems arose in Thessalonica concerning the parousia, and how did the apostle Paul deal with them in his letters to the church there?
6. What may we learn about the nature and practice of Christian freedom from 1 Corinthians 8-10?
7. Why did the readers of 1 John need so much reassurance, and how did the writer provide it?
8. In what ways would Revelation have been helpful to the Christians to whom it was originally addressed?
B.Min (122.13) Grad Dip (122.3)
Second Semester 1998
Friday, November 13, 1998 - 9.30-11.30am
Time: Two Hours (40 minutes per question).
An unmarked copy of the RSV/NRSV/NIV will be provided.
Answer THREE (3) questions from the following.
1. Is it true to say that the Eighth Century Prophets were mainly concerned with the issue of 'social injustice'? Discuss.
2. What factors led to the reforms of Josiah? Why did they not last?
3. What were the major theological issues raised by the Babylonian Exile and how were these addressed in the Biblical writings of the period?
4. How do the books of Ezekiel and Isaiah 40-55 differ from each other in the way in which they address the issue of the Exile?
5. Outline the events whicti followed the decree of Cyrus in 538BC down to the time of Ezra/Nehemiah. What were the roles of Ezra/Nehemiah during this period?
6. What main theological themes are found within the Wisdoms literature of the Old Testament?
7. Why is the book of Daniel so difficult to classify as far as 'literary type' is concerned? How would you both sum up its essential message and classify the book? Give reasons for your answer.
GradDip/MA/MDiv Second Semester 2000
Time: TWO HOURS
An unmarked copy of the NIV/RSV/NRSV will be provided.
Students are to answer THREE (3) questions from the
following:
1. EITHER (1) Why do you feel that Hosea had to follow closely the preaching of Amos to Israel in the North? OR (2) What new elements did the eighth century prophets bring into their preaching? How did these differ from the past?
2. What was Josiah seeking to achieve through his various actions? How successful was he in achieving those aims?
3. What were the major theological issues raised by the events surrounding the Babylonian Exile? How were these addressed by the Biblical material relevant to these events?
4. Discuss the issue of "eschatology" in EITHER (1) Isaiah 40-55 OR (2) Ezekiel. Illustrate your answer from the text.
5. Far from being a time of "small things", the Exile proved to be a time of great "creativity" (Ackroyd). Discuss.
6. Do the books of Proverbs, Job and Ecclesiastes have anything in common? Discuss with reference to the text.
7. What evidence is there to suggest that the book of Daniel is an apocalypse?
Grad Dip/M.A./M.Div Second Semester 2001
Time: two hours
An unmarked copy of the NIV/RSV/NRSV will be provided.
Students are to answer three (3) questions from the following:
1. EITHER
Were the eighth century prophets 'innovators' or 'traditionalists' in their style of preaching? Discuss.
OR
What criticism did the eighth century prophets make concerning the social and religious conditions in Judah and the Northern Kingdom?
2. What was Josiah seeking to achieve by his reforms? Should he be regarded as a success or a failure?
3. How does Isaiah 40-55 respond to the crisis of the exile?
4. The exile in 586 BC proved to be a cataclysmic event in the life of the people of Judah. Outline the biblical evidence in support of this statement. How would the preaching of Jeremiah have helped them to overcome this despair?
5. What are the fundamental concerns of Ezra and Nehemiah in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah?
6. How is the Wisdom tradition reflected in the books of Proverbs, Job and Ecclesiastes?
7. How would you begin to classify the book of Daniel as literature?
Grad Dip/M.AVM.Div Second Semester 2002
Time: two hours
An unmarked copy of the NIV/RSV/NRSV will be provided.
Students are to answer three (3) questions from the following:
1. EITHER
Were the eighth century prophets 'innovators' or 'traditionalists' in their style of preaching? Discuss.
OR
What criticism did the eighth century prophets make concerning the social and religious conditions in Judah and the Northern Kingdom?
2. What was Josiah seeking to achieve by his reforms? Should he be regarded as a success or a failure?
3. How did Ezekiel respond to the crisis of the exile?
4. What "theological" issues were involved in the exile of 586 BC? Did any "new" issues emerge?
5. Make an outline of the historical events which characterize the Post-Exilic period. How would you describe the social, religious, and political make-up of the period?
6. How is the Wisdom tradition reflected in the books of Proverbs, Job and Ecclesiastes?
7. EITHER
Can Daniel be described as the "first great apocalyptic work" in the Bible?
OR
How does the structure of the book of Daniel help us to understand its
message?
Grad Dip/iV!A/!V!Div Second Semester 2003
Time: two hours
An unmarked copy of the NIV/RSV/NRSV will be provided.
Students are to answer three (3) questions from the following:
1. EITHER
"Amos and Hosea had different views on the problems of Israel." Evaluate this statement in the Sight of relevant passages to support your point of view.
What criticism did the eighth century prophets make concerning the social and religious conditions in Judah and the Northern Kingdom?
2. What was Josiah seeking to achieve by his particular reforms? Should he be regarded as a success or a failure?
3. Are there any essential differences between that of Isaiah 40-55 and Ezekiel in response to the crisis of the exile?
4. It has often been said that Israel went into exiie as a nation and returned a church (G.W. Anderson). How true is this statement? Discuss.
5. Critically evaluate the "role" of Ezra in the period of the post exilic reconstruction. Also, what are some of the implications for understanding Ezra as coming before Nehemiah during this period?
6. Why should the book of Job be classed as "wisdom" literature? Discuss.
7. Why is the book of Daniel difficult to classify as literature? Is there any one model that fits better than others? Discuss.